Among the different types of cancers, bladder cancer is the 5th most common in the USA. It affects both men and women, and prevalence increases with age. Symptoms and causes of bladder cancer can vary in different individuals. In this comprehensive guide, we will talk about bladder cancer in detail, its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
The most common symptom of bladder cancer is the presence of blood in urine. However, not all cases of bladder cancer have visible blood. Sometimes microscopic blood can also indicate the presence of bladder cancer. Some other symptoms of bladder cancer include frequent urination, pain during urination, and the presence of a mass.
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Causes of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is primarily caused by changes or mutations in the DNA of bladder cells. The DNA mutations cause the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of a tumor. There are several factors that may increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. Smoking is the number one risk factor for bladder cancer. Exposure to industrial chemicals, including those used in hairdressing and cleaning products, can also increase the risk of bladder cancer. Inherited genetic mutations may also increase the risk of bladder cancer.
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Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
The diagnosis of bladder cancer is usually done after blood is found in urine. Several tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis, including:
– Cystoscopy: This is where a small camera is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to examine the bladder for the presence of any visible tumors.
– Biopsy: If a tumor is detected, a small sample of the tissue would be taken and examined under a microscope to determine if it is cancerous.
– Imaging tests: These may include CT scans, MRI, and PET scans. These scans help to determine the size and location of the tumor.
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Treatment of Bladder Cancer
The treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage of the cancer. For non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, intravascular treatment is the most common approach. A catheter is placed in the bladder and medication is instilled to prevent tumor recurrence and progression. The chance of tumor recurrence can be high, up to 75%, due to a field change defect. Progression rates vary based on tumor grade. Low-grade tumors have a progression rate of fewer than 5%, while high-grade tumors have up to a 25% progression rate.
For muscle invasive bladder cancer, a radical cystectomy with lymph node removal and, for men, a prostatectomy and for women, removal of female organs. After removal, options to eliminate urine include creating a stoma that drains into a bag on the skin. Chemotherapy may also be used before surgery (neoadjuvant) or after surgery (adjuvant) depending on the stage of the cancer.
Conclusion:
Bladder cancer can be a daunting and complex condition to understand. However, with the right information, it can be diagnosed and treated early, leading to better outcomes. While there are several risk factors that increase the likelihood of bladder cancer, measures can be taken to reduce the risk by avoiding smoking, reducing exposure to industrial chemicals, and maintaining good urinary tract health. If you experience any of the symptoms associated with bladder cancer, we recommend that you seek immediate medical attention from a specialist. Our mission is to ensure that every patient is informed about their condition and their options for treatment, helping them to make the right decision for their care.
